विभक्तिः-s and their usages
Now that we know what a विभक्ति is, we are going to study their usages.
- प्रथमा विभक्तिः
- द्वितीया विभक्तिः
- तृतीया विभक्तिः
- चतुर्थी विभक्तिः
- पञ्चमी विभक्तिः
- षष्ठी विभक्तिः
- सप्तमी विभक्तिः
- सम्बोधन-प्रथमा विभक्तिः
- विभक्तिः revision
प्रथमा विभक्तिः Nominative case - subject
Let us briefly understand active voice (कर्तरि प्रयोगः) and passive voice (कर्मणि प्रयोगः).
In an active voice sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb.
In a passive voice sentence, the subject is the receiver of the action.
| Active voice | Passive voice |
|---|---|
| David wrote the letter | The letter was written by David |
| The chef cooked the meal | The meal was cooked by the chef |
| The students completed the project | The project was completed by the students |
| We ate the pizza | The pizza was eaten by us |
In a sentence:
If subject is more important, the sentence is in active voice
If object is more important, the sentence is in passive voice
- Whatever is more important will be in प्रथमा विभक्तिः
- Verb follows whatever is in प्रथमा विभक्तिः
- In active voice, verb follows the subject
- In passive voice the verb follows the object
- The adjective always follows whatever it is describing
रामः सीतां पश्यति (Rama sees Sita). Here रामः is more important and hence in प्रथमा विभक्तिः. The verb पश्यति follows रामः
This is a passive voice example:
रामेण सीता दृश्यते (Sita was seen by Rama). Here सीता is more important and hence in प्रथमा विभक्तिः. The verb दृश्यते follows सीता
Another example:
अहमं बालकान् पश्यामि (I see the boys)
मया बालकाः दृश्यन्ते (The boys were seen by me)
In addition to कर्तरि प्रयोगः and कर्मणि प्रयोगः, there is also भावे प्रयोगः where importance is given to the verb. This will be covered in a later chapter.
प्रथमा विभक्तिः usages in कर्तरि प्रयोगः (active voice)
-
(कर्तरि) कर्ता Subject: The subject in the sentence will be in prathama vibhakti (कर्तृ कारकम्).
In the sentence बालकः पुस्तकं पठति (the boy reads the book) बालकः is in prathama vibhakti. Ask the
question 'who' to the verb and you will get the subject. कः पठति? बालकः पठति.
-
(कर्तरि) कर्तृविशेषण Adjective of the subject: The adjective (विशेषणम्) describing the subject (विशेष्यम्) will follow
the subject in vibhakti, linga and vachana. In the sentence सुन्दरः रामः सुन्दरीं सीतां पश्यति (Beautiful
Rama sees beautiful Sita), रामः is in prathama vibhakti, pulingam ekavachanam, so सुन्दरः is also in
prathama vibhakti, pulingam ekavachanam. Similarly, सीतां is in dvitiya vibhakti, strilingam, ekavachanam so
सुन्दरीं is also in dvitiya vibhakti, strilingam, ekavachanam.
- (कर्तरि) कर्तृविशेषक Subjective complement तत् कुलं समृद्धं भवति। (That family is prosperous). In this sentence समृद्धं is the subjective complement. भक्ताः शान्ताः भवन्ति। (Devotees become peaceful). Here शान्ताः is the subjective complement.
-
(कर्मणि) कर्म Object: रामेण सीता दृश्यते। (Sita is seen by Rama).
Here the object is given importance and hence is in prathama vibhakti.
The verb follows whatever is in prathama vibhakti. Similarly, मया अन्नं खाद्यते (the rice is eaten by me).
- (कर्मणि) कर्मविशेषण Adjective of the object: The adjective describing the object will follow the object in vibhakti, linga and vachana. For example, सुन्दरेण रामेण सुन्दरी सीता दृश्यते (Beautiful Sita is seen by beautiful Rama). In this sentence, सीता is in prathama vibhakti, strilingam, ekavachanam so सुन्दरी is also in prathama vibhakti, strilingam, ekavachanam.
द्वितीया विभक्तिः Accusative case - object
कर्मकारकम् Object: generally used to denote the object of an action. Ask the question 'what' or 'to whom' (कम् काम् किम्) to the verb to get the object.
द्वितीया विभक्तिः usages in कर्तरि प्रयोगः (active voice)
- कर्म Object (in active voice): for example:
Sanskit English रामः सीतां पश्यति। Rama sees Sita. अहं भोजनं करोमि। I am eating food. बालिका दुग्धं पिबति। The little girl drinks milk.
- कर्मविशेषण Adjective of the object: for example:
Sanskit English सुन्दरः रामः सुन्दरीं सीतां पश्यति। Beautiful Rama sees beautiful Sita. सर्वे कृपालुं भगवन्तं नमन्ति। Everyone bows to the compassionate Lord.
In these sentences, the adjective follows the object in vibhakti, vachana and linga. -
कर्मविशेषक Objective Complement: For example:
Sanskrit English अहम् ओङ्कारं नटं जानामि। I know Omkara, the actor. आचार्यः शिष्यान् पुत्रान् पश्यति। The teacher sees the students as sons.
-
प्राप्तिस्थानम् Destination (esp with √गम्) When a destination involved,
the destination is in द्वितीया विभक्तिः. For example:
Sanskrit English रामः वनं गच्छति। Rama goes to the forest. अहम् अन्नक्षेत्रं गच्छामि। I am going to the dining hall. त्वं पाठशालां गच्छ। Go to school.
Note: चथुर्थी विभक्तिः can also be used: वनाय, अन्नक्षेत्राय etc.
- To whom we speak/ask/address will come in द्वितीया विभक्तिः For example:
Sanskrit English श्रीकृष्णः अर्जुनं वदति। Śrī Kṛṣṇa speaks to Arjuna. आचार्यः शिष्यान् प्रश्नं पृच्छति। The teacher asks the students a question. माता पुत्रम् आह्वयति। The mother calls the son.
-
उपपद विभक्तिः with certain avyayas (indeclinables)
When a word connects to the following avyayas, that word will be in द्वितीया विभक्तिः
उभयतः (both sides), परितः (around) विना (without). For example:
Sanskrit English वीथीम् उभयतः गृहाणि सन्ति। There are houses on both sides of the street. आचार्यकुटीं परितः आम्रवृक्षाः सन्ति। There are mango trees all around the teacher's hut. गुरुं विना गतिः नास्ति। There is no progress without a guru.
Note that तृतीया or पञ्चमी विभक्तिः can also be used with विना (गुरुणा / गुरोः विना)
- अकर्मक-क्रिया (intransitive verb) verbs that have no object. For example:
Sanskrit English पिकः कूजति। The cuckoo sings. भगवान् अस्ति। God is. सः स्वपिति। He sleeps.
-
सकर्मक-क्रिया (transitive verb) verbs that have one object. For example:
Sanskrit English कृष्णः मथुरां गच्छति। Krishna goes to Mathura. बालिका सेवां करोति। The girl performs service.
-
द्विकर्मक-क्रिया (transitive verb) verbs that have two objects. For example:
Sanskrit English आचार्यः शिष्यान् प्रश्नं पृच्छति। The teacher asks the students a question. अजपालः अजं क्षेत्रं नयति। The goatherd takes the goat to the field. पितामही मां कथां ब्रूते / भाषते / वदति / कथयति। Grandmother tells me a story.
तृतीया विभक्तिः instrumental case
करणकारकम् generally used to indicate instrument used for action. Ask the question 'with/by what' (केन) to the verb.
तृतीया विभक्तिः usages
-
उपकरणार्थे instrument used for action For example:
Sanskrit English रामः ऐन्द्रास्त्रेण रावणं हन्ति। Rāma kills Rāvaṇa with the divine weapon of Indra. अहं नेत्राभ्यां पश्यामि। I see with my two eyes.
-
हेत्वर्थे to show reason/cause Ask the question 'why' (किमर्थम्). For example:
Sanskrit English अहं शिरोवेदनया पाठशालां न गच्छामि। Because of a headache, I am not going to school. कर्मणा पितृलोकः उपासनया देवलोकः। By karma one attains the world of the ancestors; by worship, the world of the gods.
-
कर्मणि कर्ता subject in passive voice. For example
Sanskrit English रामेण सीता दृश्यते। Sita is seen by Rama. मया पुस्तकं पठ्यते। The book is read by me.
-
भावसूचकशब्दानां योगे to show feeling: For example:
Sanskrit English बालः सन्तोषेण क्रीडति। A boy is playing happily. अहं श्रद्धया ईश्वरं भजामि। I worship the Lord with devotion.
-
उपाधि-अर्थे to show medium (through) For example
Sanskrit English शकटः मार्गेण गच्छति। The cart is going along a road. ईश्वरः पुष्पैः हसति। The Lord is smiling through the flowers.
-
प्रयाणसाधनार्थे to show mode of transport For example
Sanskrit English सः द्विचक्रिकया गृहं गच्छति। He goes home by bicycle. अहं पादाभ्याम् गच्छामि। I go on foot.
-
यत् धनं दीयते तत् whatever price is paid For example:
Sanskrit English नारायणः दशरूप्यकैः पुस्तकं क्रीणाति। Nārāyaṇa buys the book with ten rupees. दुर्योधनः अङ्गराज्येन कर्णं जयति। Duryodhana wins over Karṇa with the kingdom of Aṅga.
-
With अव्यय-s 'सह/साकम्/सार्धम्' (along with) For example:
Sanskrit English बालः जनकेन सह/साकम्/सार्धम् आपणं गच्छति। The boy goes to the shop with his father. लक्ष्मणः रामेण सह/साकम्/सार्धम् वनं गच्छति। Lakṣmaṇa goes to the forest with Rāma.
-
With अव्यय विना (without) For example:
Sanskrit English आत्मज्ञानेन विना मोक्षः नास्ति। Without self-knowledge, liberation is not possible. मित्रेण विना अहं न गच्छामि। I will not go without my friend.
Note: द्वितीया or पञ्चमी can also be used with विना
-
With अव्यय अलम् (don't) For example
Sanskrit English अलं कोलाहलेन। गृहं गच्छ। Enough with the noise! Go home! अलं लवणेन। तृप्तोऽस्मि। Enough with salt! I am satisfied.
चतुर्थी विभक्तिः Dative case - receiver
सम्प्रदानकारकम् Dative case is generally used to indicate receiver, when something is given. Ask the question 'for whom' (कस्मै) to the verb. चतुर्थी विभक्तिः usages
चतुर्थी विभक्तिः usages
-
सम्प्रदानार्थे receiver of something: For example
Sanskrit English बलिः वामनाय भूमिं ददाति। Bali gives land to Vāmana. परशुरामः श्रीरामाय शक्तिं ददाति। Paraśurāma gives strength to Śrī Rāma.
-
To show the purpose of action (किमर्थम्) For example:
Sanskrit English सैनिकाः देशरक्षणाय युद्ध्यन्ते। The soldiers fight for the protection of the country. अहं संस्कृतपठनाय आगतः अस्मि। I have come to study Sanskrit.
-
तादर्थ्ये for whom action is performed: For example
Sanskrit English राजा जनेभ्यः तडागादि खनति। The king digs ponds etc for the people. पिता पुत्राय धनं सम्पादयति। The father earns wealth for his son.
-
प्राप्तिस्थानम् Destination (with √गम): For example
Sanskrit English रामः वनाय गच्छति। Rāma goes to the forest. अहं गृहाय गच्छामि। I am going home. वीरात्मा स्वर्गाय गच्छति। The brave person goes to heaven.
Note: द्वितीया विभक्तिः can also be used: वनम् गृहम् etc
-
For showing/seeing: For example
Sanskrit English पिता पुत्रं मृगशालादर्शनाय नेति। The father takes his son to see the zoo. भक्तः देवालयम् ईश्वरदर्शनाय गच्छति। The devotee goes to the temple to see God.
-
यस्मै रोचते Who likes something: For example
Sanskrit English बालकाय दुग्धं रोचते। The boy likes milk. ईश्वराय भक्तिः रोचते। God likes devotion.
-
यस्मै दर्शयति To whom something is shown: For example
Sanskrit English श्रीकृष्णः अर्जुनाय विश्वरूपं दर्शयति। Śrī Kṛṣṇa shows the universal form to Arjuna. आचार्यः शिष्याय मोक्षमार्गं दर्शयति। The teacher shows the path of liberation to the student.
-
With verbs in the meaning of 'causes/can cause' (कल्पते/भवति/सम्पद्यते/जायते) For example:
Sanskrit English भक्तिः ज्ञानाय कल्पते। Devotion becomes a means for knowledge. धनं पुण्याय सम्पद्यते। Wealth becomes useful for merit. धनं सुखाय जायते। Wealth is born for happiness.
-
Towards whom negative emotions
(anger, jealousy, envy, causing pain etc) are directed: For example
Sanskrit English आचार्यः शिष्येभ्यः क्रुध्यति। The teacher gets angry at the students. पिता पुत्राय कुप्यति। The father gets angry at his son. इन्द्रः गौतमाय असूयति। Indra is jealous of Gautama. रावणः विभीषणाय ईर्ष्यति। Rāvaṇa is jealous of Vibhīṣaṇa. कैकेयी भरताय द्रुह्यति। Kaikeyī deceives for Bharata.
-
That which is promised: For example
Sanskrit English नेतारः धनाय वाग्दानं कुर्वन्ति। Leaders make promises to people in order to obtain wealth.
-
With अव्यय-s 'नमः स्वस्ति स्वाहा स्वधा वषट्/वौषट्' (offering) For example:
Sanskrit English आचार्याय/विष्णवे नमः। Prostrations unto the teacher/Vishnu. प्रजाभ्यः स्वस्ति। May there be auspiciousness for the people. इन्द्राय स्वाहा। May this offering be to Indra! पितृभ्यः स्वधा। May this offering be to the ancestors. देवेभ्यः वषट्/वौषट्। May this offering be to the gods.
Note: In all these sentences the word अस्तु (may there be) is assumed. If नमामि was used insted of the above अव्यय-s, then द्वितीया विभक्तिः would be used instead of चतुर्थी विभक्तिः
-
With अव्यय अलम् (enough/sufficient) For example:
Sanskrit English गुरुकुलवासः ज्ञानाय अलम्। Staying in the guru's house is enough for knowledge. अल्पं भोजनं स्वास्थ्याय अलम्। A small amount of food is sufficient for health.
पञ्चमी विभक्तिः Ablative case
अपादानकारकम् Ablative case is generally used to indicate place of separation or case of comparison. Ask the question 'from where/than what' (कस्मात्) to the verb.
पञ्चमी विभक्तिः usages
-
अपादाने To indicate place of separation: For example:
Sanskrit English बालिका विद्यालयात् आगच्छति। The girl comes from school. फलं वृक्षात् पतति। The fruit falls from the tree.
-
To show comparison: For example:
Sanskrit English श्रीकृष्णः बलरामात् श्यामलः। Śrī Kṛṣṇa is darker than Balarāma. ज्ञानम् अभ्यासात् श्रेयः। Knowledge is better than practice.
-
हेत्वर्थे To indicate cause (because of/due to): For example
Sanskrit English ज्ञानं दानात् वर्धते। Knowledge grows by sharing. सज्जनः पुण्यात् तुष्यति। A noble person is satisfied by merit.
-
With verbs जुगुप्सते (averts/escapes), विरमति (retires),
प्रमाद्यति (slips), बिभेति (fears) and रक्षति (protects): For example:
Sanskrit English इन्द्रः वृत्रात् जुगुप्सते। Indra recoils from Vṛtra (a demon). अशोकः हिंसायाः विरमति। Aśoka refrains from violence. कर्णः सत्यात् प्रमाद्यति। Karṇa slips from the path of truth. कंसः कृष्णात् बिभेति। Kaṁsa fears Kṛṣṇa. ईश्वरः पापात् रक्षति। The Lord protects from sin.
पञ्चमी विभक्तिः उपपद usages
-
With अव्यय-s बहिः (outside), आरभ्य (starting), ऋते/विना (without),
पूर्वः/पूर्वम् (before ), परः/परम् (after/greater) For example:
Sanskrit English कुक्कुरः गृहात् बहिः तिष्ठति। The dog stands outside the house. गुरुवासरात् आरभ्य मौनं भवति। Starting from Thursday, there will be silence. ईश्वरात् ऋते / विना कः अस्मान् रक्षति। Who will protect us without the Lord? कक्षायाः पूर्वं सर्वे उपविशन्तु। Before the class, let everyone sit down. वैशाखात् परः ज्येष्ठमासः। Jyeṣṭha month comes after Vaiśākha month.
षष्ठी विभक्तिः Genitive case
No कारक - Genitive case is generally used to indicate relation between two nouns. Not connected to verb directly.
षष्ठी विभक्तिः usages
-
स्व-स्वामि-सम्बन्ध To indicate relationship of owner and owned (objects) For example:
Sanskrit English अहं मम लेखन्या लिखामि। I am writing with my pen. तस्य पुस्तकम् एतत्। This book is his.
-
To show relation between living beings For example:
Sanskrit English श्रीरामः दशरथस्य पुत्रः आसीत्। Śrī Rāma was Daśaratha's son. ईश्वरस्य माया दुरत्यया अस्ति। The Lord's māyā is difficult to cross.
-
In the meaning of 'have/has' For example:
Sanskrit English मम कार्यम् अस्ति। I have work to do. सीतायाः ज्वरः अस्ति। Sītā has fever.
-
हेत्वर्थे with the word हेतो: For example:
Sanskrit English रावणः कामस्य हेतोः सीताम् अपहरत्। Rāvaṇa abducted Sītā because of desire. अहं पठनस्य हेतोः पाठशालां गच्छामि। I go to school for the purpose of studying.
-
With अव्यय-s उपरि (above), अधः (below), पुरतः/अग्रे/समक्षम् (in front ),
पश्चात्/पृष्ठतः (behind), दक्षिणतः (on right), वामतः (on left), कृते (for the sake of): For example:
Sanskrit English गृहस्य उपरि काकः अस्ति। There is a crow above the house. गृहस्य अधः मूषकः अस्ति। There is a mouse below the house. गृहस्य पुरतः / अग्रे / समक्षं क्रीडाङ्गणम् अस्ति। There is a playground in front of the house. गृहस्य पश्चात् / पृष्ठतः समुद्रः अस्ति। There is a sea behind the house. गृहस्य दक्षिणतः आम्रवृक्षः तथा तस्य वामतः वटवृक्षः। On the right side of the house there is a mango tree, and on the left side there is a banyan tree. तव कृते अहं गच्छामि। I am going for your sake.
-
निर्धारण - षष्ठी - To show comparison / among: For example:
Sanskrit English छात्राणां कृष्णः श्रेष्ठः। Among all the students, Kṛṣṇa is the best. मनुजानाम् अर्जुनः श्रेष्ठः। Among all humans, Arjuna is the best.
Note: सप्तमी can also be used. Ex.- छात्रेषु मनुजेषु, etc.
-
Equal to (तुल्यः) For example:
Sanskrit English भवान् ईश्वरस्य तुल्यः भवति। You are equal to the Lord.
भवान् ईश्वरस्य तुल्यः भवति। You are equal to the Lord
-
कर्मणि षष्ठी / विभज्य प्रयोगः For example:
Sanskit English पिता धनं गणयति = पिता धनस्य गणनां करोति। Father counts the money अहं पुस्तकं पठामि = अहं पुस्तकस्य पठनं करोमि। I am studying the book
सप्तमी विभक्तिः Locative case
अधिकरणकारक Locative case is generally used to indicate the place of action. Ask the question 'where' (कुत्र) to the verb.
सप्तमी विभक्तिः Usages
-
औपश्लेषिक-अधिकरणम् – वस्तु-सम्बन्धी - संयोग-सम्बन्धः To indicate things which are together for some time
for example:
Sanskit English अहं ग्रामे वसामि। I live in the village बालाः कटे निवसन्ति। The boys are sitting on the bench/platform
-
वैषयिक-अधिकरणम् – भाव- सम्बन्धी - विषय - विषयी - सम्बन्धः – To show in whom the feeling is there:
For example:
Sanskit English ईश्वरे मम भक्तिः अस्ति। I have devotion in God संस्कृते तव रुचिः अस्ति। You have a liking for Sanskrit
-
अभिव्यापक-अधिकरणम् To indicate something which pervades everything:
For example:
Sanskit English तिले तैलम् अस्ति Oil is in the sesame शरीरे प्राणः अस्ति। There is prana in the body
-
To indicate time: For example:
Sanskit English अहं चतुर्वादने उत्तिष्ठामि। I wake up at 4 in the morning सः सायङ्काले आगच्छति। He comes in the evening
-
सति सप्तमी When: For example:
Sanskit English वस्तुनि ज्ञाते (सति) मोक्षः भवति। When the reality is known, you get liberated. तस्मिन् परावरे दृष्टे (सति) हृदयग्रन्थिः भिद्यते। When the supreme is seen, the knot of the heart is broken
-
निर्धारण सप्तमी - To show comparison / among: For example:
Note: षष्ठी can also be used: देवानाम्, मनुजानाम्, etc.Sanskit English देवेषु इन्द्रः श्रेष्ठः। Among all the gods, Indra is the best मनुजेषु अर्जुनः श्रेष्ठः। Among all humans, Arjuna is the best
-
In expressions 'in the matter of' or 'concerning': for example:
Sanskit English विनये रामः प्रथमः भवति। In the matter of humility, Rama is the foremost भक्त्यां प्रह्लादः उत्तमः। In the matter of devotion Prahalad is the best
-
With verbs indicating movement पतति, स्थापयति, क्षिपति, प्रेषयति, प्रविशति, etc:
for example:
Sanskit English बालः कूपे पतति। The boy falls into the well अहं चित्तम् ईश्वरे स्थापयामि। I am placing my mind in the Lord बालाः नद्यां पाषाणानि क्षिपन्ति। Children are throwing pebbles into the river अहं गृहे पत्रं प्रेषयामि। I send a letter at home अहं विद्यालये / विद्यालयं प्रविशामि। I am entering the school
-
With verbs indicating positive emotions: स्निह्यति and विश्वसिति for example:
Sanskit English माता पुत्रे स्निह्यति। The mother loves her son अहं मित्रे विश्वसिमि। I have trust in my friend
-
With adjectives ‘कुशलः/निपुणः' (expert) for example:
Sanskit English अर्जुनः धनुर्विद्यायां निपुणः/कुशलः अस्ति स्म। Arjuna was an expert in archery
सम्बोधन-प्रथमा विभक्तिः
सम्बोधनम् means to address or call someone, hence सम्बोधन विभक्तिः is used when we are addresing someone. It has no other usage.
| Sanskit | English |
|---|---|
| हे बालक! शीघ्रम् अत्र आगच्छ। | O boy! Come here quickly! |
| हे जनाः! स्वदेशं रक्षत। | O people! Save your country! |
Top of page
विभक्तिः revision
प्रथमा विभक्तिः usages
- कर्तरि कर्ता (Subject in active voice)
- कर्तरि कर्तृविशेषण (Adjective of the subject)
- कर्तरि कर्तृविशेषक (Subjective complement)
- कर्मणि कर्म (Object in passive voice)
- कर्मणि कर्मविशेषण (Adjective of the object)
- कर्म (Object in active voice)
- कर्मविशेषण (Adjective of the object)
- कर्मविशेषक (Objective complement)
- प्राप्तिस्थानम् (Destination)
- To whom we ask / address / speak
- With अव्यय-s - उभयतः, परितः, विना
- उपकरणार्थे (Instrument used for action)
- हेत्वर्थे (To show reason/cause)
- कर्मणि कर्ता (Subject in passive voice)
- भावसूचकशब्दानां योगे (To show feeling)
- उपाधि-अर्थे (To show medium - through)
- प्रयाणसाधनार्थे (To show mode of transport)
- यत् धनं दीयते तत् (Whatever price is paid)
- With अव्यय-s ’सह / साकम् / सार्धम्' (along with )
- With अव्यय 'विना’ (without)
- With अव्यय 'अलम्' (don't )
- सम्प्रदानार्थे (Receiver of something)
- हेत्वर्थे (To show the purpose)
- तादर्थ्ये (For whom action is performed)
- प्राप्तिस्थानम् (Destination)
- For showing/seeing something
- यस्मै रोचते (Who likes something)
- यस्मै दर्शयति To whom something is shown
- With verbs कल्पते, सम्पद्यते in the meaning of 'causes/can cause'
- Towards whom negative emotions are there
- That which is promised
- With अव्यय-s ’नमः, स्वस्ति, स्वाहा, स्वधा, वषट् / वौषट्'
- With अव्यय 'अलरम्' (enough/sufficient)
- अपादाने (Place of separation)
- To show comparison (than)
- हेत्वर्थे (To indicate cause 'because of')
- With verbs जुगुप्सते, विरमति, प्रमाद्यति, बिभेति, रक्षति
- With अव्यय-s ’बहिः, आरभ्य, ऋते/विना, पूर्वः / पूर्वम्, परः/परम्’
- स्व-स्वामि सम्बन्ध (Relation of possession)
- To show relation between living beings
- In the meaning of 'have/has'
- हेत्वर्थे (with word 'हेतो:')
- With अव्यय-s उपरि, अधः, पुरतः/अग्रे/समक्षम्, पश्चात्/पृष्ठतः, दक्षिणतः, वामतः, कृते'
- निर्धारण-षष्ठी (To show comparison, among)
- तुल्यः (equal to)
- कर्मणि षष्ठी – विभज्य प्रयोगः
- औपश्लेषिक-अधिकरणम् (वस्तु-सम्बन्धी)
- वैषयिक-अधिकरणम् (भाव-सम्बन्धी)
- अभिव्यापक अधिकरणम् (Pervading)
- To indicate time
- सति सप्तमी (When)
- निर्धारण-सप्तमी (To show comparison/among)
- 'In the matter of' or 'concerning'
- With verbs indicating movement पतति, स्थापयति, क्षिपति, प्रेषयति, प्रविशति, etc.
- With verbs indicating positive emotions (स्निह्यति / विश्वसिति)
- With adjectives 'कुशलः/निपुणः' (expert)
| विभक्तिः | Question | Answer | Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा | Who worships? | The son | पुत्रः भजति। |
| द्वितीया | Whom does he worship? | The Lord | पुत्रः देवं भजति। |
| तृतीया | With what does he worship? | With flowers | पुत्रः देवं पुष्पैः भजति। |
| चतुर्थी | For the sake of what does he worship the Lord | For blessings | पुत्रः देवं अनुग्रहाय पुष्पैः भजति। |
| पञ्चमी | From where does he get the flowers for worship? | From the garden | पुत्रः देवं अनुग्रहाय उद्यानात् पुष्पैः भजति। |
| षष्ठी | Whose son? | Of a cowherd | गोपालकस्य पुत्रः देवं अनुग्रहाय उद्यानात् पुष्पैः भजति। |
| सप्तमी | Where does the cowherd's son worship? | In the temple | गोपालकस्य पुत्रः मन्दिरे देवं अनुग्रहाय उद्यानात् पुष्पैः भजति। |
Top of page
Click here to study the next chapter on Declension Words